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Congress holds a plenary naturalization power under Article I, section 8, clause 4, and the Supreme Court has read that clause together with national sovereignty to give Congress correspondingly broad…
Section 5 lets Congress remedy Fourteenth Amendment violations that courts have recognised, never redefine them. Learn the Boerne test, the state-action limit and the abrogation rule.
Congress may spend for any public purpose and attach strings, but the Dole conditions and the NFIB anti-coercion limit control how far the strings may reach.
The taxing power is broad and deferential, but three structural limits still bite. Learn the functional tax-versus-penalty test that decided NFIB v. Sebelius.
The necessary and proper clause never grants power on its own. Learn the two-part McCulloch test, why necessary means appropriate rather than indispensable, and where the clause runs out.
Original jurisdiction is tiny, appellate jurisdiction is discretionary, and a cert denial decides nothing. Learn the three questions that resolve any Supreme Court jurisdiction problem.
Abstention lets a federal court that has jurisdiction decline to exercise it out of respect for state courts. Learn the four branches, the triggers and the exam traps.
The dormant Commerce Clause explained: discriminatory laws that are nearly per se invalid, Pike balancing for neutral laws, and the market participant exception.
The Eleventh Amendment explained: what state sovereign immunity bars, the three requirements of Ex parte Young, and why only Section 5 can abrogate.
The political question doctrine explained: textual commitment, manageable standards, the categories on each side of the line and the two Nixon cases.